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Achieving gender equality in education participation, in the teaching and learning process and in access to social and economic opportunities that education can facilitate are key interlinked ambitions in two of the Sustainable Development Goals in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: SDG 4 on education and SDG 5 on gender equality. The 2019 Gender Report is based on a monitoring framework first introduced in the 2016 Global Education Monitoring Report (GEM Report). In addition to focusing on gender parity in education participation, attainment and learning achievement, the framework examines broad social and economic contexts (gender norms and institutions) and key education system characteristics (laws and policies, teaching and learning practices, Learning environments, and resources). The framework also looks at the relationship between education and selected social and economic outcomes.